Which of the Following Is a Characteristic of Fashion?

Fine art of applying pattern and aesthetics to clothing and accessories

Fashion designers in 1974 in Dresden.

Fashion design is the art of applying pattern, aesthetics, habiliment construction and natural beauty to article of clothing and its accessories. It is influenced by culture and different trends, and has varied over time and place. "A style designer creates clothing, including dresses, suits, pants, and skirts, and accessories like shoes and handbags, for consumers. He or she can specialize in clothing, accessory, or jewelry design, or may work in more than one of these areas."^[1]

Way designers typically use a runway of models to showcase their work.

Fashion designers [edit]

Way designers work in a variety of different ways when designing their pieces and accessories such every bit rings, bracelets, necklaces and earrings. Because of the time required to put a garment out in market, designers must anticipate changes to consumer desires. Style designers are responsible for creating looks for private garments, involving shape, color, cloth, trimming, and more.^[ii]  Fashion designers play a major function in our world. Their talent and vision play a large role on how people present themselves.

Designers conduct research on way trends and interpret them for their audience. Their specific designs are used by manufacturers. This is the essence of a designer'southward part; yet, there is variation within this that is determined by the ownership and merchandising approach. When thinking of product quality control budget retailers apply inexpensive fabrics to have a quick turn around on production, just high-finish retailers will ensure that the best bachelor fabrics are used and lots of time is utilized.^[3]

Fashion designers attempt to pattern clothes which are functional as well equally aesthetically pleasing. They consider who is likely to article of clothing a garment and the situations in which it will be worn, and they work within a wide range of materials, colors, patterns and styles. Though about vesture worn for everyday wear falls inside a narrow range of conventional styles, unusual garments are ordinarily sought for special occasions such as evening article of clothing or party dresses.

Some dress are made specifically for an individual, as in the example of haute couture or bespoke tailoring. Today, most clothing is designed for the mass market, especially casual and every-twenty-four hours wear are called ready to wear or known equally fast fashion.

Instruction [edit]

To become a fashion designer there is training and certifications that will aid you succeed in this profession. However, y'all don't need a college caste, but experience and honey for fashion is platonic in this industry. An associates or bachelors degree in fashion pattern would aid in this success. "As a fashion design major, you will take classes in color, textiles, sewing and tailoring, pattern making, fashion history, and computer-aided design (CAD) and learn about different types of habiliment such as menswear or footwear " .^[2] When receiving education it volition help new fashion designers empathise every important particular in style and designing wearing apparel and footwear. Also, it will be beneficial for new fashion designers to complete an internship, it volition requite new style designers expert experiences while assisting a fashion designer and have admission to the world of fashion.

Structure [edit]

Mode designers may piece of work total-fourth dimension for one fashion house, as 'in-firm designers', which owns the designs, or they work lonely or as part of a team. Freelance designers work for themselves, selling their designs to fashion houses, directly to shops, or to clothing manufacturers. Most fashion designers set up their ain labels, under which their designs are marketed. While others are cocky-employed and design for individual clients. Other high-end way designers cater to specialty stores or high-end style department stores. These designers create original garments, as well as those that follow established fashion trends. Nigh fashion designers, yet, piece of work for wearing apparel manufacturers, creating designs of men'south, women's, and children'south fashions for the mass market. Big designer brands which have a 'name' as their brand such equally Abercrombie & Fitch, Justice, or Juicy are likely to be designed by a team of individual designers under the direction of a design manager.

Designing a garment [edit]

Fashion designers work in different means. Some sketch their ideas on newspaper, while others mantle fabric on a dress form, another term for mannequine. When a designer is completely satisfied with the fit of the toile (or muslin), they will consult a professional person pattern maker who then makes the finished, working version of the pattern out of card or via a estimator program. Finally, a sample garment is made upwardly and tested on a model to brand certain it is an operational outfit.

History [edit]

Style design is generally considered to take started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth who was the first designer to take his label sewn into the garments that he created. Earlier the one-time draper set up his maison couture (manner house) in Paris, vesture design and creation was handled by largely bearding seamstresses, and loftier fashion descended from that worn at royal courts. Worth's success was such that he was able to dictate to his customers what they should wear, instead of following their lead equally earlier dressmakers had done. The term couturier was in fact first created in social club to describe him. While all articles of clothing from any time flow are studied by academics equally costume design, simply wear created after 1858 is considered as fashion pattern.^[4]

It was during this period that many pattern houses began to hire artists to sketch or paint designs for garments. The images were shown to clients, which was much cheaper than producing an actual sample garment in the workroom. If the customer liked their design, they ordered it and the resulting garment made money for the house. Thus, the tradition of designers sketching out garment designs instead of presenting completed garments on models to customers began as an economy.

Types of fashion [edit]

Garments produced past wear manufacturers fall into three principal categories, although these may be split up into additional, unlike types

Haute couture [edit]

Until the 1950s, fashion habiliment was predominately designed and manufactured on a made-to-measure or haute couture basis (French for high-sewing), with each garment being created for a specific client. A couture garment is made to order for an private client, and is usually made from loftier-quality, expensive fabric, sewn with extreme attending to particular and finish, oft using time-consuming, paw-executed techniques. Expect and fit take priority over the cost of materials and the time it takes to make.^{[v] [6]} Due to the high price of each garment, haute couture makes little direct turn a profit for the fashion houses, but is of import for prestige and publicity.^[7]

Gear up-to-wear (prêt-à-porter) [edit]

Ready-to-article of clothing, or prêt-à-porter, clothes are a cross betwixt haute couture and mass market. They are not made for individual customers, simply great intendance is taken in the choice and cut of the cloth. Apparel are fabricated in small quantities to guarantee exclusivity, so they are rather expensive. Ready-to-wear collections are commonly presented by fashion houses each season during a period known as Style Calendar week. This takes identify on a citywide basis and occurs twice a twelvemonth. The main seasons of Way Week include: bound/summer, fall/wintertime, resort, swim, and conjugal.

Half-way garments are an alternative to fix-to-article of clothing, "off-the-peg", or prêt-à-porter fashion. Half-way garments are intentionally unfinished pieces of wear that encourages co-blueprint between the "principal designer" of the garment, and what would usually be considered, the passive "consumer".^[viii] This differs from ready-to-wear mode, as the consumer is able to participate in the process of making and co-designing their clothing. During the Make{able} workshop, Hirscher and Niinimaki found that personal interest in the garment-making process created a meaningful "narrative" for the user, which established a person-product attachment and increased the sentimental value of the final product.^[8]

Otto von Busch also explores half-way garments and fashion co-blueprint in his thesis, "Manner-able, Hacktivism and engaged Fashion Blueprint".^[ix]

Mass market [edit]

Currently, the fashion industry relies more than on mass-market sales. The mass market caters for a wide range of customers, producing ready-to-wear garments using trends set by the famous names in manner. They often wait around a season to make certain a style is going to catch on before producing their versions of the original wait. To relieve money and time, they use cheaper fabrics and simpler production techniques which tin easily be done by machines. The cease production can, therefore, be sold much more than cheaply.^{[10] [11] [12]}

There is a type of blueprint called "kutch" originated from the High german give-and-take kitschig, meaning "trashy" or "not aesthetically pleasing". Kitsch can also refer to "wearing or displaying something that is therefore no longer in fashion".^[13]

Income [edit]

Median annual wages for salaried fashion designers were $61,160 in May 2008. The eye l pct earned between $42,150 and $87,120.^[xiv] The lowest 10 percentage earned less than $32,150, and the highest x percent earned more than $124,780. Median annual earnings were $52,860 (£40,730.47) in clothes, piece appurtenances, and notions - the manufacture employing the largest numbers of fashion designers.^[15] As of 2016^[update],a fashion designer'southward median annual salary was $65,170. High terminate designers can earn effectually $92,550. In 2016, 23,800 people were counted as mode designers in the United states.^[16]

Globe fashion industry [edit]

Way today is a global manufacture, and nearly major countries accept a way manufacture. 7 countries have established an international reputation in fashion: France, Italian republic, Uk, United States, Nippon, Germany and Kingdom of belgium. The "large 4" manner capitals of the fashion industry are Paris, Milan, New York Metropolis and London with Paris ofttimes being considered as the Globe'due south fashion capital.^{[17] [18]}

United States [edit]

Fashion show at a way designing college, US, 2015

Most fashion houses in the U.s. are based in New York Urban center, with a loftier concentration centered in the Garment District neighborhood. On the US w coast, there is besides a significant number of way houses in Los Angeles, where a substantial percent of high fashion clothing manufactured in the United States is actually made. Beverly Hills, peculiarly on Rodeo Drive, is globally renowned for its fashion pattern and prestigious shopping. Burgeoning industries in Miami, Chicago, Dallas, and peculiarly San Francisco have developed likewise. A semi-annual result held every February and September, New York Style Calendar week, is the oldest of the four major mode weeks held throughout the world. Parsons The New School for Pattern, located in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York Metropolis, is considered one of the summit fashion schools in the world. There are numerous fashion magazines published in the United States and distributed to a global readership. Examples include Vogue, Harper'southward Bazaar, and Cosmopolitan.

American way design is highly diverse, reflecting the enormous indigenous multifariousness of the population, but is largely dominated by a groomed, urban, hip artful, and oft favors a more casual mode, reflecting the athletic, health-conscious lifestyles of the suburban and urban centre classes.

Famous American brands and designers include Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Charabanc, Nike, Vans, Marc Jacobs, Tommy Hilfiger, DKNY, Tom Ford, Caswell-Massey, Michael Kors, Levi Strauss and Co., Estée Lauder, Revlon, Kate Spade, Alexander Wang, Vera Wang, Victoria's Secret, Tiffany and Co., Converse, Oscar de la Renta, John Varvatos, Anna Sui, Prabal Gurung, Beak Blass, Halston, Carhartt, Brooks Brothers, Stuart Weitzman, Diane von Furstenberg, J. Coiffure, American Eagle Outfitters, Steve Madden, Abercrombie and Fitch, Juicy Couture, Thom Browne, Approximate, Supreme, and The Timberland Company.

Kingdom of belgium [edit]

In the late 1980s and early on 1990s, Belgian fashion designers brought a new mode image that mixed East and W, and brought a highly individualised, personal vision on manner. Well known Belgian designers are the Antwerp Six: Ann Demeulemeester, Dries Van Noten, Dirk Bikkembergs, Dirk Van Saene, Walter Van Beirendonck and Marina Yee, every bit well as Maison Martin Margiela, Raf Simons, Kris Van Assche, Bruno Pieters, Anthony Vaccarello.^[19]

United Kingdom [edit]

London has long been the capital of the United Kingdom fashion industry and has a broad range of foreign designs which have integrated with modern British styles. Typical, British design is smart but innovative however recently has become more than and more anarchistic, fusing traditional styles with modern techniques. Vintage styles play an important office in the British mode and styling industry. Stylists regularly 'mix and match' the old with the new, which gives British way that unique, bohemian aesthetic that many of the other fashion capitals attempt to imitate. Irish fashion (both blueprint and styling) is besides heavily influenced by fashion trends from U.k.. Well known British designers are Thomas Burberry, Alfred Dunhill, Paul Smith, Vivienne Westwood, Stella McCartney, John Galliano, John Richmond, Alexander McQueen, Matthew Williamson, Gareth Pugh, Hussein Chalayan.

France [edit]

Most French fashion houses are in Paris, which is the capital of French style. Traditionally, French fashion is chic and stylish, defined past its composure, cut, and smart accessories. French style is internationally acclaimed.

Espana [edit]

Madrid and Barcelona are the main mode cities of Spain. Spanish manner is frequently more than bourgeois and traditional but also more 'timeless' than other fashion cultures. Spaniards are known not to take great risks when dressing.^{[20] [21]} Nonetheless, many are the way brands and designers coming from Kingdom of spain.

The virtually notable luxury houses are Loewe and Balenciaga. Famous designers include Manolo Blahnik, Elio Berhanyer, Cristóbal Balenciaga, Paco Rabanne, Adolfo Domínguez, Manuel Pertegaz, Jesús del Pozo, Felipe Varela and Agatha Ruiz de la Prada.

Kingdom of spain is also domicile to large fashion brands such equally Zara, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Pull&Bear, Mango, Desigual, Pepe Jeans and Camper.

Germany [edit]

Berlin is the eye of manner in Germany (prominently displayed at Berlin Way Calendar week), while Düsseldorf holds Europe'due south largest fashion merchandise fairs with Igedo. Other important centres of the scene are Munich, Hamburg, and Cologne. German language manner is famed for its elegant lines as well as anarchistic young designs and the neat variety of styles.

Italy [edit]

Milan is Italy's fashion capital. Most of the older Italian couturiers are in Rome. Nonetheless, Milan and Florence are the Italian fashion capitals, and it is the exhibition venue for their collections. Italian fashion features casual and glamorous elegance. In Italy Milan Fashion calendar week takes places twices a week in February and September. Milan Way week puts mode in the spotlight and celebrates it in the heart of Milan with fashion lovers, buyers and media.

^[22]

Nihon [edit]

Most Japanese fashion houses are in Tokyo. The Japanese await is loose and unstructured (oft resulting from complicated cutting), colours tend to the sombre and subtle, and richly textured fabrics. Famous Japanese designers include Kenzo Takada, Issey Miyake, Yohji Yamamoto and Rei Kawakubo.

China [edit]

Hong Kong vesture brand Shanghai Tang's design concept is inspired past Chinese clothing and set out to rejuvenate Chinese fashion of the 1920s and 30s, with a mod twist of the 21st century and its usage of bright colours.^[23]

Soviet Spousal relationship [edit]

Style in the Soviet Marriage largely followed general trends of the Western earth. Still, the land'south socialist credo consistently moderated and influenced these trends. In addition, shortages of consumer goods meant that the full general public did not have ready access to pre-made way.

Switzerland [edit]

About of the Swiss style houses are in Zürich.^[24] The Swiss wait is casual elegant and luxurious with a slight touch on of quirkiness. Additionally, it has been profoundly influenced past the dance club scene.

Mexico [edit]

In the development of Mexican ethnic dress, the fabrication was determined by the materials and resource that are available in specific regions, impacting the "fabric, shape and construction of a people'due south clothing".^[25] Textiles were created from found fibers including cotton and agave. Form status differentiated what cloth was worn. Mexican dress was influenced by geometric shapes to create the silhouettes. Huipil a blouse characterized past a "loose, sleeveless tunic made of two or three joined webs of cloth sewn lengthwise"^[26] is an important historical garment, often seen today. Later on the Spanish Conquest, traditional Mexican clothing shifted to take a Castilian resemblance.

Mexican indigenous groups rely on specific embroidery and colors to differentiate themselves from each other.^[27]

Mexican Pink is a meaning colour to the identity of Mexican art and design and general spirit. The term "Rosa Mexicano" as described past Ramón Valdiosera was established past prominent figures such every bit Dolores del Río and designer Ramón Val in New York.^[27]

When newspapers and magazines such as El Imparcial and El Mundo Ilustrado circulated in Mexico, became a significant movement, as it informed the large cities, such as Mexico City, of European fashions. This encouraged the founding of department stores, irresolute the existent pace of fashion.^[28] With access to European fashion and clothes, those with high social status relied on adopting those elements to distinguish themselves from the remainder. Juana Catarina Romero was a successful entrepreneur and pioneer in this motion.

Malaysia [edit]

In Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur is the major fashion and production city.^[29] and Malaysia Fashion Week^[xxx]

Fashion blueprint terms [edit]

• A fashion designer conceives garment combinations of line, proportion, color, and texture. While sewing and pattern-making skills are benign, they are not a pre-requisite of successful manner design. Most fashion designers are formally trained or apprenticed.
• A technical designer works with the design team and the factories overseas to ensure correct garment construction, appropriate fabric choices and a good fit. The technical designer fits the garment samples on a fit model, and decides which fit and construction changes to make earlier mass-producing the garment.
• A pattern maker (also referred equally pattern master or pattern cutter) drafts the shapes and sizes of a garment's pieces. This may be done manually with paper and measuring tools or by using a CAD computer software plan. Another method is to pall fabric directly onto a dress class. The resulting pattern pieces can be constructed to produce the intended pattern of the garment and required size. Formal training is normally required for working as a pattern marking.
• A tailor makes custom designed garments made to the client's measure; especially suits (coat and trousers, jacket and brim, et cetera). Tailors usually undergo an apprenticeship or other formal training.
• A textile designer designs fabric weaves and prints for apparel and furnishings. Most fabric designers are formally trained equally apprentices and in school.
• A stylist co-ordinates the clothes, jewelry, and accessories used in fashion photography and catwalk presentations. A stylist may also work with an individual client to design a coordinated wardrobe of garments. Many stylists are trained in fashion design, the history of fashion, and historical costume, and take a high level of expertise in the electric current fashion market and future market place trends. All the same, some but have a strong aesthetic sense for pulling great looks together.
• A way heir-apparent selects and buys the mix of wearable bachelor in retail shops, department stores, and chain stores. Most fashion buyers are trained in business and/or manner studies.
• A seamstress sews ready-to-habiliment or mass-produced clothing by hand or with a sewing auto, either in a garment store or as a sewing automobile operator in a manufacturing plant. She (or he) may not have the skills to brand (blueprint and cut) the garments, or to fit them on a model.
• A dressmaker specializes in custom-made women's apparel: twenty-four hour period, cocktail, and evening dresses, business clothes and suits, trousseaus, sports clothes, and lingerie.
• A way forecaster predicts what colours, styles and shapes will be popular ("on-trend") before the garments are on sale in stores.
• A model wears and displays clothes at fashion shows and in photographs.
• A fit model aids the fashion designer by wearing and commenting on the fit of clothes during their pattern and pre-manufacture. Fit models need to be a particular size for this purpose.
• A manner journalist writes manner manufactures describing the garments presented or fashion trends, for magazines or newspapers.

See likewise [edit]

• Fashion
• Fashion accessory
• Fashion design copyright
• Haute couture
• History of fashion design
• History of western mode
• List of fashion designers
• List of fashion education programs
• List of fashion topics
• Runway (style)
• Sustainable style
• Cloth blueprint
• Western wearing apparel codes

References [edit]

1. ^ McKay, Dawn Rosenberg. "What Does a Way Designer Practise?". the balance careers. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
2. ^ ^{a b} Sterlacci, Francesca. "What Is a Fashion Designer?". Dear to Know. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
3. ^ Hebrero, Miguel (2015-10-15). Mode Buying and Merchandising: From mass-market to luxury retail. Printed in the The states: CreateSpace. ISBN9781517632946.
4. ^ "mode manufacture | Blueprint, Fashion Shows, Marketing, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2020-x-14 .
5. ^ "What is Haute Couture?". Haute Couture Hot. HauteCoutureNews.com. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
6. ^ Pauline Weston Thomas. "Haute Couture Style History" (Article). Fashion-Era.com. Mode-Era.com. Retrieved thirteen May 2012.
7. ^ "Haute couture: Making a loss is the height of fashion". telegraph.co.uk.
8. ^ ^{a b} Hirscher and Niinimaki. Fashion Activism through Participatory Design. 10th European Academy of Design Conference, Crafting the Time to come, April 2013, Helinski, Finland. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304354045_Fashion_Activism_through_Participatory_Design
9. ^ von Busch, O. Fashion-able, Hacktivism and engaged Fashion Blueprint, PhD Thesis, School of Design and Crafts (HDK), Gothenburg. 2008, https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/17941/3/gupea_2077_17941_3.pdf.
10. ^ Catherine Valenti (1 May 2012). "Designers Flock to Mass-Market place Retailers" (Article). ABC News . Retrieved 13 May 2012.
11. ^ Sameer Reddy (31 October 2008). "Out from Underground" (Article). The Daily Beast. Newsweek Magazine. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
12. ^ Stephania Lara (22 June 2010). "Mass market broached by high-end manner". The Prospector. College Media Network. Archived from the original (Article) on 2 Nov 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
13. ^ Bethan Cole (2 May 2012). "Kitsch pickings" (Article). Fiscal Times Online: Style. The Fiscal Times Ltd. Retrieved xiii May 2012.
14. ^ "Fashion Designers". Occupational Outlook Handbook. U.S. Agency of Labor Statistics. Retrieved xiii May 2012.
15. ^ "Designers". umsl.edu.
16. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2018-09-10 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
17. ^ The big 4 fashion capitals of the world
18. ^ "Paris once again the world's undisputed fashion capital". The Jakarta Mail . Retrieved 2020-xi-30 .
19. ^ Holgate, Marking, ′How Anthony Vaccarello Is Making Saint Laurent His Own′, (February. 13, 2018), Vogue March 2018, https://www.vogue.com/commodity/anthony-vaccarello-interview-vogue-march-2018-consequence, Retrieved 3 March 2018.
20. ^ Castiglione, Baldassare (1903). The Book of the Courtier (PDF). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 103.
21. ^ "En España se viste muy bien". GQ Mag. Dec 3, 2018. Retrieved 2020-01-23 .
22. ^ Strijbos, Bram. [fashionweekweb.com "Milan Style Calendar week"]. Manner United. CS1 maint: url-status (link)
23. ^ Broun, Samantha (6 April 2006). "Designing a global make". CNN World. Archived from the original on 26 Oct 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
24. ^ "Zurich labels". Zurich labels: Media Information. Zurich Tourism. Jan 2012. Retrieved xiii May 2012.
25. ^ Anawalt, Patricia Rieff, 1924- (2007). The worldwide history of dress : with over m illustrations, 900 in colour . Thames & Hudson. ISBN978-0-500-51363-7. OCLC 864489266. {{cite volume}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
26. ^ Anawalt, Patricia Rieff, 1924- (2007). The worldwide history of wearing apparel : with over 1000 illustrations, 900 in colour . Thames & Hudson. ISBN978-0-500-51363-seven. OCLC 864489266. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
27. ^ ^{a b} Valdiosera, Ramón. "Rosa Mexicano: Moda y Marca." Artes De México, no. 111, 2013, pp. 60–65.
28. ^ Chassen-López, Francie. "The Traje de Tehuana as National Icon: Gender, Ethnicity, and Fashion in Mexico." The Americas, vol. 71 no. ii, 2014, p. 281-314. Projection MUSE, doi:ten.1353/tam.2014.0134.
29. ^ Kuala Lumpur Fashion Calendar week
30. ^ / Malaysia Way Calendar week

Bibliography [edit]

• Breward, Christopher, The civilization of style: a new history of fashionable dress, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-7190-4125-9
• Hollander, Anne, Seeing through apparel, Berkeley: University of California Printing, 1993, ISBN 978-0-520-08231-1
• Hollander, Anne, Sex and suits: the evolution of modern wearing apparel, New York: Knopf, 1994, ISBN 978-0-679-43096-4
• Hollander, Anne, Feeding the eye: essays, New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1999, ISBN 978-0-374-28201-1
• Hollander, Anne, Textile of vision: dress and drapery in painting, London: National Gallery, 2002, ISBN 978-0-300-09419-0
• Kawamura, Yuniya, Fashion-ology: an introduction to Fashion Studies, Oxford and New York: Berg, 2005, ISBN 1-85973-814-ane
• Lipovetsky, Gilles (translated by Catherine Porter), The empire of fashion: dressing modernistic democracy, Woodstock: Princeton University Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-691-10262-7
• McDermott, Kathleen, Style for all: why fashion, invented by kings, now belongs to all of u.s. (An illustrated history), 2010, ISBN 978-0-557-51917-0 — Many hand-drawn color illustrations, extensive annotated bibliography and reading guide
• Mckay Rosenberg, Dawn, Fashion designer job description: Salary, skills, & more. Retrieved May ten, 2021, from https://world wide web.thebalancecareers.com/fashion-designer-526016
• Perrot, Philippe (translated by Richard Bienvenu), Fashioning the suburbia: a history of habiliment in the nineteenth century, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Printing, 1994, ISBN 978-0-691-00081-7
• Steele, Valerie, Paris fashion: a cultural history, (2. ed., rev. and updated), Oxford: Berg, 1998, ISBN 978-1-85973-973-0
• Steele, Valerie, Fifty years of fashion: new look to now, New Haven: Yale Academy Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-300-08738-iii
• Steele, Valerie, Encyclopedia of article of clothing and fashion, Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005
• Strijbos, Bram. (2021, May ten). All the news about Milan Fashion week on FashionUnited. Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://fashionweekweb.com/milan-fashion-week
• Sterlacci, Francesca. (n.d.). What is a fashion designer? Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/way-wear-industry/what-is-way-designer

Share this post